number the stars literature guide
Overview of the Book
Set in Nazi-occupied Copenhagen during WWII, “Number the Stars” by Lois Lowry follows Annemarie Johansen, a young girl whose family helps hide Jewish neighbors from the Nazis, exploring themes of hope, bravery, and resilience amidst war.
1.1 Summary of the Plot
Set in 1943 Copenhagen, “Number the Stars” follows Annemarie Johansen, a young Danish girl, as she navigates the dangers of WWII. When the Nazis begin targeting Jewish citizens, Annemarie’s family hides their Jewish neighbors, the Rosens. The story unfolds as Annemarie learns about courage and sacrifice while helping her family and the resistance movement. Ellen, the Rosen’s daughter, is hidden as one of Annemarie’s sisters. The plot escalates when Nazi soldiers search their home, but Annemarie’s quick thinking and bravery help protect everyone. The novel highlights the resilience of the human spirit during war and the power of hope.
1.2 Historical Context: WWII and Nazi-Occupied Denmark
During WWII, Denmark was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940, leading to occupation until 1945. Initially, the occupation was relatively peaceful, but conditions deteriorated as resistance grew. The Nazis targeted Denmark’s Jewish population, leading to the smuggling of many Jews to safety in Sweden. This historical backdrop shapes the novel, highlighting the courage of ordinary citizens who risked their lives to protect others. The setting of Copenhagen in 1943 provides a vivid portrayal of life under Nazi rule, where fear and danger were constant, yet hope and resilience prevailed among the Danish people and the resistance movement.
Main Characters
Annemarie Johansen, a brave young girl, Ellen Rosen, a Jewish girl in hiding, and Peter Neilsen, a resistance fighter, drive the story’s emotional core and heroic actions.
2.1 Annemarie Johansen: The Protagonist
Annemarie Johansen, a 10-year-old girl, is the courageous protagonist of “Number the Stars.” Living in Nazi-occupied Copenhagen, she witnesses the harsh realities of war. Initially innocent and naive, Annemarie grows into a brave and resourceful young girl as she helps her family hide their Jewish neighbors, the Rosens. Her quick thinking and loyalty play a crucial role in their survival. Annemarie’s journey from childhood innocence to maturity reflects the resilience of ordinary people during extraordinary times, making her a relatable and inspiring character.
2.2 Ellen Rosen: The Jewish Girl in Hiding
Ellen Rosen, a Jewish girl, is a close friend of Annemarie’s family, forced into hiding to escape Nazi persecution. Her quiet bravery and resilience inspire those around her. Ellen’s presence in the Johansen household highlights the human cost of war and the risks faced by Jewish families. Her friendship with Annemarie deepens the emotional stakes, showcasing the bond between two girls caught in extraordinary circumstances. Ellen’s story underscores the fragility of life under occupation and the courage required to survive, making her a pivotal and poignant character in the novel.
2.3 Peter Neilsen: The Resistance Fighter
Peter Neilsen, a Danish Resistance fighter, plays a crucial role in the story, coordinating efforts to smuggle Jewish families to safety. His bravery and leadership inspire Annemarie, showing her the power of courage. Peter’s actions highlight the risks and sacrifices made by Resistance members. His character represents the broader movement of ordinary citizens turned heroes, who fought against Nazi oppression. Through Peter, the novel illustrates the importance of collective resistance and the moral strength required to stand against injustice, embodying the spirit of hope and defiance during one of history’s darkest periods.
Themes in the Novel
The novel explores courage, family bonds, hope, and resilience during WWII. It highlights the strength of ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances, emphasizing moral integrity and unity.
3.1 Courage and Bravery in the Face of Danger
Courage and bravery are central themes, as Annemarie and her family risk their lives to protect Ellen and the Rosens. Annemarie’s maturity and willingness to face danger highlight her growth. The story illustrates how ordinary individuals can exhibit extraordinary courage during war, inspiring hope and resilience in others.
3.2 Family, Friendship, and Loyalty
Family, friendship, and loyalty are woven throughout the novel, as Annemarie’s family risks everything to protect Ellen and the Rosens. Their bond and commitment to one another highlight the strength of relationships during times of crisis. Annemarie’s friendship with Ellen deepens her understanding of the stakes, while her family’s loyalty to their neighbors underscores the moral courage required to stand against oppression. These relationships not only sustain the characters but also serve as a source of hope and resilience in the face of overwhelming danger.
3.3 Hope and Resilience During War
Amidst the horrors of war, hope and resilience shine through the characters’ actions and beliefs. Annemarie’s bravery and her family’s determination to protect the Rosens exemplify the human spirit’s capacity to endure. The story of “Little Red Riding-Hood” and the metaphor of the stars symbolize guidance and hope, reminding Annemarie of the light that persists even in darkness. Despite the constant danger, the characters find strength in their shared humanity, illustrating how hope can sustain people during the most challenging times and inspire acts of courage that transcend fear and uncertainty.
Symbolism and Literary Devices
The stars symbolize hope and guidance, while night represents danger and secrecy, enhancing the emotional depth and tension in the narrative.
4.1 The Stars as a Symbol of Hope
The stars in “Number the Stars” symbolize hope and guidance, particularly for Ellen as she navigates her dangerous journey to safety. Annemarie reflects on how the stars shine brightly, offering a sense of reassurance and direction. This celestial imagery contrasts with the darkness of war, emphasizing the enduring power of hope. The stars also represent the resilience of the human spirit, reminding characters and readers alike that even in despair, light can prevail. Their presence underscores the novel’s themes of optimism and faith, serving as a metaphor for the guidance needed to overcome adversity.
4.2 The Use of Night as a Symbol of Danger
Night in “Number the Stars” symbolizes danger and uncertainty, often marking moments of heightened tension. The darkness serves as a backdrop for covert operations, such as the Johansen family moving the Rosens under the cover of night. The absence of light mirrors the fear and secrecy imposed by the Nazi occupation. Nighttime scenes, like the soldiers stopping Annemarie, evoke a sense of dread and vulnerability. The use of night underscores the risks faced by characters, creating an atmosphere of suspense and emphasizing the precarious nature of their actions. It contrasts with the hope symbolized by daylight, highlighting the struggle between danger and resilience.
Author Background
Lois Lowry, born in 1937, is a renowned author known for her Newbery Medal-winning novels like “The Giver.” Her writing style is straightforward yet emotionally powerful, often addressing complex themes through young protagonists.
5.1 Lois Lowry: Biography and Writing Style
Lois Lowry, born in 1937 in Honolulu, Hawaii, is a celebrated American author known for her thought-provoking novels. With a childhood marked by frequent moves due to her father’s military career, Lowry developed a keen sense of observation and storytelling. Her writing is characterized by its clarity and emotional depth, often exploring complex themes such as identity and morality. In “Number the Stars,” Lowry’s straightforward yet powerful prose brings to life the bravery and resilience of a young girl during WWII. Inspired by the true stories of the Danish resistance, Lowry’s work continues to captivate readers with its historical authenticity and emotional resonance, making her a pivotal figure in children’s literature.
5.2 Inspiration Behind “Number the Stars”
Lois Lowry drew inspiration for “Number the Stars” from the true stories of the Danish resistance during WWII. She was particularly moved by the courage of ordinary citizens who risked their lives to protect Jewish families. The idea of a young girl’s perspective came from her own curiosity about how children experienced the war. Lowry also incorporated historical facts, such as the use of boats to smuggle Jews to safety in Sweden. These elements, combined with her ability to craft relatable characters, formed the foundation of the novel, highlighting themes of hope and resilience in the face of oppression.
Historical Accuracy
The novel accurately portrays the German occupation of Denmark and the heroic efforts of the Danish resistance in helping Jews escape to Sweden during WWII.
6.1 The German Occupation of Denmark
Denmark was invaded by Germany in April 1940, initially maintaining a cooperative government under Nazi influence. By 1943, however, resistance grew as the Nazis intensified their grip, particularly targeting the Jewish population. The novel reflects this period, highlighting the escalation of Nazi measures and the Danish people’s efforts to protect their Jewish neighbors. The German occupation created a climate of fear and repression, which is central to the story’s tension and the characters’ bravery. This historical backdrop provides context for the Johansen family’s risky actions and the broader struggle for survival and resistance in occupied Denmark.
6.2 The Role of the Danish Resistance
The Danish Resistance played a pivotal role in defying Nazi rule, particularly in aiding Jewish families. Ordinary citizens, like Peter Neilsen in the novel, risked their lives to smuggle Jews to safety in Sweden. This network of courage and solidarity demonstrated the strength of collective resistance. The story highlights the dangerous yet determined efforts of the Danish people to protect their neighbors, showcasing the moral courage that defined this period. The Resistance’s actions not only saved lives but also symbolized hope and defiance against oppression, leaving a lasting legacy in Denmark’s history during WWII.
Teaching the Novel
Teaching “Number the Stars” engages students with its historical context, promoting empathy and critical thinking. The novel fosters discussions on courage, family, and resilience, enriching classroom experiences.
7.1 Discussion Questions for Students
How does Annemarie’s bravery evolve throughout the story? What motivates her to take risks?
Discuss the moral dilemmas faced by characters like Annemarie’s family and the Rosens.
What role does the Danish Resistance play in the novel? How does it impact the plot?
How does the author use the stars as a symbol of hope? What other symbols are present?
Reflect on the historical context: How does the Nazi occupation affect daily life in Copenhagen?
What lessons can be learned from Annemarie’s relationship with Ellen?
How does the novel portray family and friendship during times of crisis?
What message do you think the author is conveying through Annemarie’s experiences?
These questions encourage students to analyze characters, themes, and historical context while fostering empathy and critical thinking.
7.2 Activities to Enhance Understanding
Historical Research Project: Students can research and present on the Danish Resistance or Jewish experiences during WWII, connecting historical facts to the novel.
Reflective Journaling: Ask students to write diary entries from Annemarie’s perspective, exploring her emotions and decisions.
Book Club Discussions: Divide the class into small groups to discuss themes, character development, and moral dilemmas.
Creative Writing: Assign students to write an alternate ending or a missing chapter, encouraging creative thinking about the characters’ futures.
Empathy Mapping: Create a visual map to illustrate how characters support each other, highlighting themes of friendship and loyalty.
Historical Context Timeline: Have students create a timeline of key events in the novel and compare them to real historical events.
These activities help students engage deeply with the text, fostering empathy and a broader understanding of the story’s historical and emotional layers.
Literary Awards and Recognition
“Number the Stars” won the prestigious Newbery Medal in 1990, recognizing its powerful portrayal of courage and hope during WWII, solidifying its place in children’s literature.
8.1 Newbery Medal Winner
“Number the Stars” received the prestigious Newbery Medal in 1990, recognizing its compelling narrative and emotional depth. The story’s portrayal of hope, courage, and resilience during WWII resonated deeply with readers. Annemarie’s journey highlights the human spirit’s strength in the face of adversity, making it a timeless classic. The award underscores Lois Lowry’s ability to craft a story that educates and inspires, particularly for young readers. This recognition solidified the book’s place in children’s literature, celebrating its historical significance and emotional impact.
“Number the Stars” remains a powerful tale of courage, hope, and resilience, offering timeless lessons on humanity’s strength during adversity. Its historical significance endures, inspiring readers universally.
9.1 The Lasting Impact of “Number the Stars”
Lois Lowry’s “Number the Stars” has left an enduring impact on readers, offering a poignant portrayal of courage and hope during WWII. Its vivid storytelling and relatable characters have made it a cherished educational tool, helping students grasp the horrors of war and the importance of resilience. The novel’s themes of family, loyalty, and moral strength resonate universally, ensuring its relevance across generations. By shedding light on Denmark’s resistance efforts, it inspires empathy and understanding, making it a vital read for exploring historical and humanitarian themes. Its influence continues to educate and move readers of all ages.
9.2 Why the Book Remains Relevant Today
“Number the Stars” remains relevant today for its timeless themes of courage, family, and standing against oppression. It educates younger generations about WWII and the Holocaust, fostering empathy and historical awareness. The novel’s exploration of moral dilemmas and resilience continues to inspire readers, encouraging them to reflect on humanity’s capacity for both cruelty and kindness; Its accessible prose and relatable characters make it a vital tool for teaching historical context while emphasizing the importance of hope and unity in the face of adversity. Its enduring relevance lies in its ability to connect past struggles to present-day values of freedom and justice.